Chaucer s Canterbury Tales And The Wife Of Bath s Tale

Didactic literature is a work of writing that has been around for many centuries. It can come in all types of forms- novels, plays, poems, etc. The main similarity that all didactic literature have in common is their message. They all aim to impact their audience with a message or moral that usually involves religion, philosophy, history, or even politics. In a way, didactic literature always tries to improve a part of society in a moral basis. The reason it targets a part of society is because didactic literature has an audience of origin that the moral applies to. For example, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales: â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Prologue† and â€Å"The Wife of Bath s Tale† , which is written by Geoffrey Chaucer, takes place during the late†¦show more content†¦Within these three relationships, the power in the relationship was given to the woman. However, the 5th husband that she married differed from the first three. He wanted to have the power in the relationship and this resulted in a clash. Ultimately, the husband yelled at her, beat her, and left her deaf on one ear. This shows that if both the woman and man want control in the relationship, there will always be a problem. These marriages teach the reader that a marriage needs to have both powers in balance and cooperate together in order to succeed. Moving on to Chaucer’s second tale, there are many lessons to be taught about chivalry. This tale tells the story of a narcissistic knight that rapes a young woman alongside a river. Once King Arthur finds about this sin he demands the knights head. Fortunately, the knight is spared by the woman but in a redeemable manner. The knight is set out on a year long mission in order to answer one question- â€Å"what do women want the most?†. After the year long mission the knight returns and answers the question successfully. This answer the knight gives is what coincides with the prologue’s last lesson. â€Å"Wo men want the same self-sovereignty over her husband, as over her lover, and master him, he must not be above her†(Chaucer, 214-218). This saying, again, is addressing the balance in power within a relationship. There is no doubt that Chaucer believes a successful marriage needs a balanceShow MoreRelatedMoral In The Canterbury Tales1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales have an ultimate lesson at the end, just as every other literary work does. In some of them, he simply states what it is, or some may have to be inferred. During the time, many social and historical events were taking place, and in some instances, Chaucer chose to base the moral around it. While reading The Canterbury Tales, the audience gets entertainment and a basic knowledge of what life what like through the lessons he presents. All of the tales moralsRead MoreChaucers The Canterbury Tales1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canterbury Tales serves as a moral manual in the Middle Ages. In the tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays the problems of the society. For instance, Chaucer uses the monk and the friar in comparison to the parson to show what the ecclesiastical class are doing versus what they are supposed to be doing. In other words, it is to make people be aware of these problems. It can be inferred that the author’s main goal is for this literary work to serve as a message to the people along with changing theRead MoreInsight Into Human Behavior And The Canterbury Tales1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer is known for being one of the greatest English poets of his time (Malvern). During Chaucer’s life, he went through many hardships. Some of the hardship Chaucer endured was being kidnapped by French enemies, dealing with the death of his wife, and surviving the Black Death (â€Å"Chaucer†). Chaucer hardship helped him become the author that he was (Malvern). â€Å"The Canterbury Tales is a group of legends narrated by fictional pilgrims on a pilgrimage† (â€Å"Chaucer†). Chaucer’sRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer View and Change on Judgement968 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization. Geoffrey Chaucer is one of these people, but he actually did something about it. He had problems with some social aspects during the 1300s which included the church, gender differences, and hypocrisy. He wrote about these problems in a set of tales widely known as The Canterbury Tales. The first is The General Prologue which describes a pilgrimage to Canterbury tha t many people endure, but on this specific journey, twenty-nine different people travel together to Canterbury. He uses two typesRead MoreAuthority And The Canterbury Tales1825 Words   |  8 PagesAuthority and The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer, widely known for his influence in medieval literature, expresses a fourteenth century literacy concept of authority and gentility in The Canterbury Tales. There are two forms of authority and gentility that will be covered in this discussion: authority and gentility in Chaucer’s personal life and the one in his two tales, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale†, and â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale†. Chaucer himself loses a sense of authority over his writing after his deathRead MoreWomen During The Medieval Times1932 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in Canterbury Tales During the Medieval time period that Canterbury Tales was written in, there was a general depiction of women that they weren’t even looked at as humans, but looked at as objects. Women were thought of as weak, untrustworthy, and even less intelligent beings than men. Chaucer did not necessarily agree with the general consensus of women during the time period. Now there are tales that go along with the general impression of women, but there are also signs that Chaucer lookedRead MoreAnalysis Of Geoffrey Chaucer s The Wife Of Bath 1371 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2015 Pilgrim Evaluation Geoffrey Chaucer, the Father of English Literature, was the first to write in English for folks to read. One of his best known works of art would be The Canterbury Tales, which was written between 1380 and 1400 in England, but was never completed due to his death. It was composed in Middle English and portrays a great example of frame narrative. The Canterbury Tales begins with a group of pilgrims traveling from England to Canterbury. While they are navigating, they gatherRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreWho Was Geoffrey Chaucer?888 Words   |  4 PagesWho was Geoffrey Chaucer? One of the most unique poets of during the Middle Ages was Geoffrey Chaucer. He was born in London sometime between 1340 and 1344. His parents were John Chaucer and Agnes Copton. John Chaucer was an affluent wine merchant and deputy to the king’s butler. Geoffrey held several opportunities early in his life serving as a noblewoman’s page, a courtier, a diplomat, a civil servant, and a collector of scrap metal. He was given theses oppurtunities because of who his father wasRead MoreThe Worldview Of Society In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales793 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Time and tide wait for no man† (Chaucer). Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) was a man of creativity, a mind for artful thinking, and a soul full of poetic writing. Chaucer attended St. Paul’s Cathedral School where poets such as Virgil and Ovid strongly influenced Chaucers’ writings (Britannica). Chaucer in his book The Canterbury Tales depicts society as being corrupted and morall y declined. Chaucers life of events such as his time as a prisoner of war (Biography.com) had impacted his outlook on the

The Influence Of Sarcopenia On Body Mass - 1357 Words

Introduction Sarcopenia can be defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength and function (Waters, Baumgartner Garry 2000; Vandervoort Symons 2001). Although there is no specific level of lean body mass or muscle mass at which one can say sarcopenia is present (Roubenoff 2001), any loss of muscle mass is of importance because there is a strong relationship between muscle mass and strength (Roth, Ferrell Hurley 2000). Sarcopenia appears to begin in the fourth decade of life and accelerates after the age of approximately 75 years (Waters, Baumgartner Garry 2000). With aging and inactivity, the most atrophy is seen in the fast twitch (FT) fibers which are recruited during high-intensity, anaerobic movements. Although sarcopenia is mostly seen in physically inactive individuals, it is also evident in individuals who remain physically active throughout their lives. This finding suggests that physical inactivity is not the only contributing factor to sarcopenia. Current research is findi ng that the development of sarcopenia is a multifactorial process. Many factors, including physical inactivity, motor-unit remodeling, decreased hormone levels, and decreased protein synthesis, may all contribute to sarcopenia. Fortunately, sarcopenia is partly reversible with appropriate exercise interventions. This article will focus on the current perspectives of sarcopenia and conclude with the importance of resistance training in preventing it. Motor Unit Remodeling AgeShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Sarcopenia ( Sarx ) Was First Used For Muscle And Penia For Loss1031 Words   |  5 PagesSarcopenia (sarx for muscle and penia for loss) (Cruz-Jentof et al.) Was first used By Rosenberg in 1989. It can be defined as progressive loss muscle mass and Decreased function with or without decrease in body weight linked to aging with An adverse outcomes such as disability and poor quality of life (Palmio et al. Delmonico) This complex process is caused by a combination of both Physiological and pathological mechanism which lead to degradation of skeletal Muscle as patients becomeRead MoreNotes On Muscles Growth And Loss Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesSian Robinson, Cyrus Cooper, and Avan Aihie Sayer (2012)Nutrition and Sarcopenia: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Preventive Strategies. 2. Charge, S. B. P., and Rudnicki, M.A. (2004). Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiological Reviews, Volume 84, 209-238. 1. Introductions†¨ Muscle tissues are one of the essential materials in human body, it plays a great role of human body, supporting not only external movement but also internal function, providingRead MoreIn Living Organisms, There Is A Common Process That Occurs,1748 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisms, there is a common process that occurs, that is known as aging. Aging is process that begins the day that we are born and only ends on the day that die (Woodrow, 2002). It involves gradual physical and psychological changes to the human body and mind, in addition to societal changes. Throughout one’s lifespan, adaptation plays a pivotal role in aging, as many are challenged with limitations throughout. In society today, it is common to hear people say that they want to age successfullyRead MoreNutrition : An Important Aspect For The Health Of Elderly Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pagesprotein, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients causes an adverse effect on the fo rm of the body, its function and the clinical outcomes. Malnutrition Consequences: Malnutrition consequences are severe and it can majorly affect the well-being of a person. Elderly who are at risk of malnutrition are exposed to many physiological changes. Malnutrition is commonly associated with: Decreased bone mass, impaired muscle function, changes in hormonal level, poor wound healing, anemia, delayed recoveryRead MoreA Report On The Phosphocreatine System2649 Words   |  11 Pages The phosphocreatine system is fueled by a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is broken down by the body. When broken down, ATP releases energy and a by product adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. Unfortunately, the body only has a limited amount of ATP and has to be replenished in order for it to properly function. The energy system that will be discussed in this paper is the phosphocreatine system, which is used in high power, short duration activities. In the phosphocreatine systemRead MoreThe Effects Of Inactivity On World s Major Non Communicable Diseases Of Coronary Heart Disease1771 Words   |  8 Pagesinactivity was associated with all cause of mortality, cancer, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, immune deficiencies, neurological disorders, osteoporosis, stress, overweight, obesity, oxidative stress and sarcopenia. The review suggested that PI has significant influence on various diseases and disorders in all age groups, however among the older PI causes chronic illness which can otherwise be altered by lifestyle changes. Author concluded that there is a linear relationship betweenRead MoreAnalyzing Theories Of Adult Development1965 Words   |  8 Pages while there is difference from sixteen to twenty one years old of age (Erikson, 1980). The socio-cultural concepts of being an adult is based on what the culture normatively sights as being the required standards for the adulthood which often influence the definitions of the adulthood of people within that certain culture (Erikson, 1980). This may or may not correspond with a legal definition. The views on adult development in the late concentrate on the idea of effective aging, and is describedRead MoreNutritional Aspects Of Diabetes Mellitus2330 Words   |  10 Pages13 times that of people younger than 45 years of age (1.6%). According to Gambert and Pinkstaff, with advanced age insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue decline and this can result in hyperinsulimia (2006). Progressive beta cell loss, influence of free fatty acids, and inflammatory adipocytokines result in glucose intolerance and eventually the development of diabetes mellitus type 2. Usually by the time an individual is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 80% of beta cell functionRead MoreEffects of Vigorous and Moderate Exercise on Health-Related Outcomes10786 Words   |  43 Pagestoday such as televisions, computers and video games, encourage people to live sedentary lives(Kuh and Ben-Shlomo, 2004). This prevents people from exercising their bodies regularly. Regular exercise strengthens the bones and muscles and improves circulation of blood inside the body (Makinen et al., 2009). Being active also causes the body to burn more calories allowing a person to maintain a healthy weight. 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The bet Free Essays

It was another lonely night for Mrs Maloney as she sat in her armchair in the middle of her living room with a cup of tea. Her husband had been out all day again in the bookmaker’s; it was if he lived there. Eventually he came home and Mrs Maloney had prepared them both dinner, but his had gone cold because she had already eaten hers earlier hoping he would have been there so they could enjoy it together. We will write a custom essay sample on The bet or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Hello dear I made you some dinner in the kitchen, you’ll have to heat it up because its gone a bit cold now† she told him nervously. He replied negatively â€Å"Alright woman let me breath I’ve only just got in the door!† She could tell he had been in the pub as well the way he staggered in the door. Mrs Maloney quietly started watching television again when she heard Mr Maloney groaning from the kitchen. Then she walked in to see what was wrong, it was just him complaining again. She let him carry on eating it but sat down at the table with him. She asked, â€Å"So how was your day dear?† But he replied, â€Å"Let me finish my dinner first† So she did. â€Å"My day was crap, I didn’t win anything† Mr Maloney told her. â€Å"My day wasn’t brilliant either, but I found something out† She informed, â€Å"What’s that then?† Mr Maloney asked, â€Å"You know Jim from the butchers.† She replied â€Å"Yes† he said curiously † Well his wife is expecting a baby. Isn’t it great news† she replied. Mr Maloney responded with no interest † yeah great news.† â€Å"I wish we could have had a baby.† She said. â€Å"Well it’s too late your fifty six now and I can’t be asked.† He exclaimed, but some of it was the beer talking. She felt really depressed now like someone had just died. It was getting late so Mrs Maloney decided to go to bed; on the way up the stairs she asked, † Are you coming up dear?† He groaned â€Å"in a minute† Later when she was tucked up in bed she heard Mr Maloney switch the lights off and slowly creep up the stairs. As he entered Mrs Maloney pretended t be asleep so he wouldn’t say anything. He climbed into the bed and gradually dozed off. The next morning she woke up and gave a big stretch only to find that Mr Maloney had gone. Mrs Maloney didn’t make a big deal out of it and carried on as if it were a normal day, which in fact it was. After she had eaten and got changed she watched the television to check out today’s news. It announced that the Grand National was running today, â€Å"that’s why he’s shot off then.† She told herself. She grabbed her coat and dashed to the town centre where the bookmaker’s is. When she arrived it was rammed with people all doing their shopping there was hardly room to breathe, but she started searching for the bookmakers to find Mr Maloney. Mrs Maloney eventually found it but she just stood there outside thinking of what would happen if she went in. She picked up her courage and opened the door and everyone inside stared at her, she felt intimidated. She scanned around looking for her husband only to find he wasn’t there. Meanwhile Mr Maloney was in his favourite bookmakers, which was in a nearby village about fifteen minutes away from his house. He had bet half his savings on this race because he had a feeling he was going to win. The race was about to start and Mr Maloney had been waiting around an hour for this. He was with his friend Robert who always went with him to bookmakers; they were like a partnership because they were never alone in the place. He told Robert â€Å"I know I’m going to win this time, I just know it.† But Robert replied â€Å"yeah same old story every time† then the race was off and the horses roared out of the starting blocks. Mr Maloney was shouting at the television â€Å"come on red lightning!† he watched with his glued to the screen but the horse was failing him as usual. The race was coming to an end and red lightning was not winning but Mr Maloney didn’t care about that anymore, he was more worried about the fact that he’d lost half his savings. He then threw his ticket into bin and shot out the door aggressively to go home. When he arrived home he went into the house. He asked † Mary we’re you?† but there was no reply. He then went into the kitchen she wasn’t there either. Then he went upstairs to the bedroom and seen a note on the bed. He took it downstairs because he needed his glasses. He read it and it said † I cant live with you anymore because you are driving me crazy. I did a bet on the horses and won so I have enough money to start a new life, sorry but its for the best, yours Mary.† He was angry and swung his arm across the mantelpiece knocking of all the crystal. Then he picked up a bottle and poured a glass of whisky, after he drank it he threw the glass up the wall and it shattered all over the floor. Then he fell to his knees and cried out â€Å"how could you do this to me!† and he fell into over and cried. How to cite The bet, Papers

Economy and Globalization in Zambia free essay sample

Examining the economic situation and Zambia’s place in the global economy will help these questions to be understood. Lusaka, Zambia Zambia is a land-locked country located in central Africa. About the size of Texas, it is home to 11 million people. The population is made up of a variety of ethnic groups, most of whom speak Bantu. Zambia is currently one of the poorest countries in Africa, and is identified by the United Nations Development Program as a HIPC – Highly Indebted Poor Country. Lusaka is the product of a country battling to find its way in a new world, caught between colonial beginnings, years of socialist independence and now democracy. † -Zambian National Tourist Board Lusaka became the capital of Zambia in 1930 but growth really took place in the 1960’s. The Lusaka City Council describes the city as a metropolis home to 2. 5 million people. Lusaka is constantly changing. New shops are being built, and a multi-million dollar shopping mall is b eing constructed. However, the Zambian National Tourist Board warns that many travelers may not see any reason to stay and that over 60% of the population of Lusaka is unemployed. Of those that do have work, much of it is in farming, textiles and manufacturing. Economic History Before it was colonized, Zambia was inhabited by a large number of different tribes, organized into chieftaincies and monarchies. There was an active trading network in copper, ivory, rhino horn and slaves. However, when colonization of Africa began, Zambia was taken over by the British government, which was particularly interested in the copper located in the northern part of the country. Because this occurred during the industrial revolution, copper was in high demand and made up 90% of Zambia’s exports. Mining was run primarily by the British South African Mining Company, with indigenous people as forced laborers. Zambia itself did not benefit from the significant amount of money coming in from the sale of copper, as this was realized large labor groups organized encouraging nationalist movements. In 1964, Zambia won independence from Britain, and Kenneth Kaunda became the first leader of the country. He organized Zambia on a socialist economic model. The copper mines were owned by the state. In the first ten years following independence, the level of real GDP grew at 2. 3% a year. Copper prices were increasing and it seemed that Zambia would be a very prosperous nation. However, by the mid-1970’s that dream began to fade. Copper prices fell in the world market. The price of oil and energy fueled global inflation and increased the price of imports. Zambia’s reliance on the copper trade was evident, and it was forced to begin borrowing heavily from international institutions. It seems that Zambia, the World Bank, and the IMF all agreed that copper prices would increase again, jump-starting Zambia’s economy. However, as time went on, this did not prove true. Further, neighboring countries fighting for independence were supported by Zambia, and trade routes were disrupted. From 1975-1990 the GDP per capital fell by almost 30%. When it became clear that the Zambian economy was not going to just pull out of the situation, global donors were no longer happy to continue the way things were going. They insisted on economic reforms within the country. These included cut backs in government spending, trade liberalization, and privatization of industry. Kuanda, still in power at the time, did attempt to make changes. However, these were met with internal opposition that caused the program to be abandoned. In 1991, Frederick Chiluba was elected to power. His party was able to push through the same type of economic reform that had been unpopular with the previous regime. In 1991 these changes were implemented. The idea was to privatize the economy and reduce the role of government in price setting and other issues. The economy became more outwardly oriented and a market based system was adopted. Three main goals were adopted by the government and agreed upon by the World Bank and IMF. The government was to restore macroeconomic stability, facilitate the private sector growth, and privatize and deregulate agriculture and industrial output. However, these changes have yet to make a significant impact in Zambia’s economic state, and it seems that they have a long way yet to go. (www. ized. ac. uk) Economy Zambia has a dual sector economy based on traditional subsistence farming, predominantly in the rural areas, and a market-oriented sector in urban areas, responsible for tax revenues and foreign exchange. In recent years, the government has made the move towards a more privatized, openmarket economy. A heavy dependence on copper (90% of exports from Independence until 1990 according to NBER, 2005) proved to be detrimental to Zambia’s economy in the past, and now there is a strong trend towards non-traditional exports. These include items like primary products, agro-processing and textiles. By 1999, only 61% of exports were from metal products, while 39% were non-traditional exports. Zambia has a number of resources at hand, and has a number of sectors where growth is possible. Agriculture Currently, agriculture makes up approximately 15% of GDP, but is still a relatively small portion of exports. Of the non-traditional exports, however, agriculture is expected to grow very quickly. Cotton, tobacco, meat, and a number of other products can be sold to the Southern Africa Development Community. Developed in 1980, this group includes nine countries in the southern Africa and makes up a significant trading area. Coffee, paprika, sugar, cotton, and other products are likely to encourage export growth to developed country markets. (NBER, 2005) Right now food crops make up 6. 3% of total income from agriculture, while cash crops are only 2. 5%. The profitability of agriculture could almost certainly be increased in a number of ways. In the agricultural sector, only 16% of potential arable land is currently being used. (www. fao. org) This land could be used for production of coffee, tobacco or other goods that can be exported. It could also be used to grow food that would otherwise be imported. Not all Zambian farmers have access to more land at no cost, but a number of them do. Other factors may be a lack of labor supply or access to seeds. (NBER, 2005, p13) A study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that if Zambian farmers were to switch one hectare of crops to cotton, they could gain an average of almost 20% of the average expenditure of a representative poor farmer. If a farmer had access to more land at no cost, and simply planted an additional hectare of cotton, gains are above 50% of the average expenditure of poor households in rural areas. If we look at tobacco rather than cotton, the gain from switching one hectare from subsistence agriculture to tobacco would be roughly 88% of average total household expenditure. If tobacco were planted without having to sacrifice of a hectare of another crop, gains to the farmer would be about 130% of total expenditure of an average poor household. A third possibility is the growth of hybrid maize, which is of export quality. This would be more than a 55% gain for the farmer switching one hectare from subsistence, and if an additional hectare can be planted, gains of 100% can be secured. Maize is particularly important, because maize is already widely grown, and can be produced efficiently. One difficulty, however, may be in securing hybrid seeds, which must be purchased in advance. Agriculture seems like a very clear area where growth is possible. So why haven’t these changes been made already? There are many underlying difficulties preventing change in this area. Some challenges specific to agriculture are access to markets, food security and tradition in subsistence agriculture. In Zambia, a history of subsistence agriculture, particularly in rural areas may lead to risk aversion. Especially because cash crops require high quality seeds, which are expensive and difficult to acquire. For example, farmers in the rural village of Mwape were willing to farm cotton if an outside buyer provided seeds and guaranteed that he would purchase the cotton. Though the profits for the farmers were smaller, the security of this deal made it much more desirable than purchasing seeds on their own and hoping for a market. Farmers are unlikely to switch to cash crops if they are not certain of their own food security. In many cases, farmers have access to land, but do not have sufficient transportation or manpower to farm on it. They also may not have transportation to a local market, particularly for cash crops. It seems that the reason many theoretical growth schemes in the agricultural sector fail because of problems that occur at the ground level of production. Though Africa is recognized as home to primarily agricultural based societies, there remain many serious challenges to efficient agricultural production throughout the continent. Though agriculture is an important ector in many African nations, issues such as poor irrigation and lack of reliability have kept African countries from being significant exporters of agricultural goods in the global economy. Agricultural production in Africa is still unable to meet the demand of the region for food, as many Africans remain malnourished. Over the past decades agricultural imports have grown faster than agricultural exports. Organizations such as the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program by the FAO seek to help organize African agriculture and help increase efficiency. Mining Mining is currently the main export of Zambia, even though it isn’t nearly as lucrative as it once was. It would be beneficial for Zambia to find a way to make mining more costeffective. Currently, the Ministry of Mines and Mineral Development with the help of the European Commission, is attempting to show the benefits of mining in Zambia. They cite the ample reserves and importance of Zambia in the world copper and cobalt production. The government has privatized the mining sector and has provided tax breaks and incentives to mining companies operating in the country. Together with a stabilization of the macro economy, this is hoped to bring more business into the primary export industry in the country. (www. zambiamining. co. zm) Currently, however, mining in Zambia is still seen as a risk because of poor infrastructure. A lack of reliable transportation and electricity have been a couple of the reasons companies remain unwilling to invest. Manufacturing The manufacturing sector in Zambia made up 25% of real GDP in 2004. A wide range of activities including vehicle assembly, petroleum refining, production of chemical fertilizers, textile mills and more took place. This sector is also operating below capacity because of the difficulty of importing necessary parts. (www. fao. org) The manufacturing sector was also hard hit by the liberalization of trade. The lowering of tariffs on textile products and removal of tariffs on used clothes let to large increases in imports of second-hand clothing from industrialized countries. The Zambian textile industry has almost completely shut down. In 1991, Zambia had more than 140 textile manufacturing firms, but by 2002, this number had fallen to just eight. (www. africanfocus. org, 2004). There are also issues with very cheap goods crossing the boarder from Zimbabwe, which due to economic instability and extremely high inflation is able to create goods for a cost much lower than neighboring Zambia. Zambia is seen as a high risk investment due to high costs in electricity, fuel and telecommunication. The high interest rates on borrowing and unstable macro economy also deter investors. (Times of Zambia) Manufacturing is often seen as a sector in which developing nations can thrive since wages and production costs are lower. However, without appropriate infrastructure and stability, this is not the case. The manufacturing situation has lead many in Zambia to question the structural adjustment policies suggested by the World Bank and IMF. Even if trade liberalization is shown to help GDP growth overall, those in the manufacturing sector may see only the losses. This may be one example of the ways in which broad policies may not be applicable in every location, depending on existing industry and regional situation. Energy One source of income for Zambia comes from its hydroelectric resources. Though it does not currently provide power to everyone within Zambia, it does export 40% of the electricity produced to the neighboring countries. This seems to be due to the fact that rural villages are often isolated and widely dispersed throughout the country. An appropriate electric grid or infrastructure does not exist to connect these areas to a central energy resource. The high cost of installing this infrastructure may mean that rural villages will need to use locally available resources to create power in their area. Tourism Though estimated to be only about four percent of Zambia’s economy, tourism is one of Zambia’s top three growth sectors. Zambia is home to Victoria Falls, and a number of national parks. In 2001 alone, tourism grew by 24. %, and has quadrupled in the last four years. This may be due, in part, to the crisis occurring in Zimbabwe, and tourists showing preference for the safer, more stable Zambia. (www. msnbc. msn. com) Zambia, Africa It is clear a number of factors brought Zambia to where it is today, but Is Zambia alone in this predicament? How does it compare to the rest of Africa? Is it possible that African countries have just been the economic â€Å"losers† in a globalization movement that was supposed to be good for all? According to the World Bank, â€Å"Over the last three decades, Africa has been marginalized from global trade. Africas share of world exports has dropped by nearly 60 percent. † So it is clear that Zambia representative of a broader issue. The World Bank blames the failures on a long list of improvements that need to be made, including further liberalization of trade, such as reducing tariffs on agricultural products and eliminating agricultural subsidies. However, others argue that the World Bank is pushing in the wrong direction. They suggest that because a large number of African countries are joining the global market before they are economically or socially stable, they are unable to diversify exports. They are encouraged to focus on similar cash crops and this results in price wars between African nations, driving revenues down for everyone. Without the ability to diversify their markets, industries deemed financially unsustainable are forced to go out of business. The workers displaced from these industries do not have other options readily available to them and the result is merely high unemployment. In countries with low mobility and an underdeveloped economy, openings are very limited. The question, then, is what is the prescription for sustainable development in Africa? Some suggest that each country must find their own path, or that institutions need to be developed before growth can occur. The World Bank maintains that earlier recommendations were correct and only need to be continued and carried out appropriately. As can be seen, there are many factors that can be pointed to as being less than optimal for promoting growth. Though many theories exist about what needs to be done, there is no consensus or empirical evidence of a successful model for African growth in general. Challenges Education About half the population of Zambia is under 18 years old. One tenth of the population is orphaned children. This makes providing education a very difficult task. The government has committed to achieving the millennium development goals of universal primary education and equal education opportunity for girls. However, it seems unlikely that these goals will be met by 2015. Education funding is 24% of the government’s discretionary budget. However, 36% of the education budget is dependent on overseas development assistance. The majority of funding is required for teachers’ salaries. (Global Campaign of Education – www. vso. ork. uk) In 2002, the Zambian government introduced free basic education to help make public education accessible to all. This led to an enrollment rate of over 93% in basic schools. However, high enrollment rates are putting high pressure on existing materials. The pupil teacher ratios are high and rising. Urban schools are short on space and rural schools often require lengthy travel for young children. In rural areas less than 66% of girls complete 7th grade and under 79% of boys. school up to grade 9. Only 38. 5% of children completed Zambia also has a number of higher education opportunities, with the University of Zambia in Lusaka as the primary location. This university has an enrollment of about 5,000 students. Cultivating an educated population is essential to creating social change and stimulating economic growth. With education, more of the population will be more aware of the workings of the global economy and the issues within Zambia. Educated Zambians can begin to tackle the many problems facing the country and help lead the way to economic achievement. Rural/Urban Divide When examining the future possibilities for the economy of Zambia, it must be recognized that issues facing the population are not ubiquitous, and policies put into place will not affect everyone equally. In particular, rural areas tend to have very different situations than urban areas. In rural areas, 42. 5% of total income comes from own-production, where as in urban areas this only makes up 3%. Non-farm income in rural areas is just above 16%, while urban areas are at about 32%. Wages make up about 7% of rural income and over 45% of urban household income. It seems fair to conclude that rural areas get most of their income from subsistence agriculture, and non tradable services. There are much less cash crops and agricultural wages. NBER, 2005, p8) If rural farmers are able to get access to markets, they stand to benefit highly from the production of higher-return cash crops. Rural areas tend to be much less wealthy than urban areas, though urban areas do have their share of unemployment. Five percent of Zambia’s population takes half of the countries income. Rural subsistence farmers have less ability to affect political decisions and policies tend to benefit the urban rat her than rural population (UNDP, Rural-Urban Divide) The rural/urban divide is recognized as a problem throughout Sub-Saharan Africa as well as in a number of other developing countries. The Department for International Development discusses the importance of understanding the rural-urban divide when applying development theories. Though the difference in economic activity and development in these areas is acknowledged, however, they also stress the fact that they are linked in many ways and should in no way be pit against each other. They note that thinking of rural and urban areas as completely unrelated, as is traditional in development programs, can be harmful. What seems to be needed in the rural/urban divide issue is a clear understanding of what difference exist and where these areas are linked to adequately promote growth in all areas. Debt According to the CIA World Factbook, Zambia’s external debt was estimated at 127. 5% of GDP in 2004. In 2004, it used 7. 35% of its GDP to repay debt. This is twice as much as it spends on education. (Make Poverty History) In 1996, Zambia was identified by the international as a highly indebted poor country (HIPC), which made them part of an initiative to ensure that no poor country faced a burden that it could not manage. However, this requires the completion of a number of controversial conditions, such as macroeconomic stability and economic re-structuring according to the recommendations of the IMF and World Bank. According to a Times of Zambia article published on September 28, 2005, Zambia has now met the HIPC requirements, and expects half of its external debt to be knocked down over by the end of this year. HIV/AIDS Zambia is in the midst of an HIV/AIDS epidemic that has had devastating effects on all aspects of life. It is estimated that 16. 5% of adults are affected by HIV/AIDS. The life expectancy in Zambia has fallen to 37 years. The affect is disproportionately affecting women, who are often expected to be submissive, and who are six times more likely to be infected between the ages of 15-25. It is estimated that half of the children under 15 years old (nearly a quarter of the population today) will die from AIDS. Though the government has been engaged in an antiretroviral treatment program and an awareness program, HIV is still at a very high level. AIDS often develops in people in their most productive years, meaning families are deprived of their highest economic earners. Crops are not gathered and sold, wages are not earned, and children are often kept home from school to take over. Often these children become orphans. â€Å"In the days before the full impact of the HIV and AIDS pandemic, street children were a very rare sight in Zambian cities and towns. Now they are everywhere†¦ sleeping under bridges, behind walls, and in shop corridors. † –Dr. Mannasseh Phiri The educational system has had significant set-backs due to the AIDS epidemic. Twelve percent of Zambian families reported that a child in their family did not attend school ecause a parent or guardian was suffering from AIDS or had died from AIDS. Teachers have also been greatly affected and are now much more difficult to find. In 2002, about 2000 teachers died, while only 1000 graduated from teaching colleges. Finding teachers for rural areas is especially difficult, because when teachers become ill they tend to move to urban areas to be nearer to clinics. Zambia’ s healthcare system is under great strain due to the high number of AIDS related illnesses. In some hospitals, more than 50% of beds are occupied by these patients. In addition to an increased need for manpower and space, this has also greatly increased the costs of healthcare. Every sector of the economy is affected by the epidemic. Employers must deal with absenteeism, medical care, funerals and high turnover. According to the Zambia Business Coalition, 82% of known cases of employee deaths are HIV-related and 17% of staff are recruited to replace people who have died or left because of HIV-related infections. Because these people are in their most productive years, the workforce is constantly losing valuable experience and knowledge. The AIDS epidemic is affecting every aspect of Zambian life, and without addressing this situation, it is unlikely that significant progress can be made in other sectors. The Future Zambia is a nation that is facing a number of challenges, all of which must be addressed to make significant progress. However, the nation seems to have a number of options available for future growth. A decline in the reliance on copper as well as an increasing focus on non-traditional exports such as agricultural goods have the potential to provide economic development.

Material Life of the Chinese

Introduction Literal works often reflect various perspective of a society. A person can get an insight into a society by reading such literal pieces. Nonetheless, to understand a certain perspective of a society from literature requires a critical mind to piece together small hints to build a complete component of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Material Life of the Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper evaluates the material life of Chinese from novels and stories written during the Qing, Ming, and Yuan era. Celebrations Birthday Chinese people celebrate important occasions in life of their cherished ones with niceties that comprise of fruits, sweetmeats, wine, noodles and silk clothing. It appears that Chinese people used best foods to express their appreciation of their significant others. Food for the Chinese people plays a very significant role of expressing good will. Tea particul arly is a symbol of hospitality as it is a drink that Chinese offer to their visitors in accompaniment of some delicacies (Trans, Chapter 15 298). In addition to use of food as a gesture of goodwill, silver and silk hold a significant position with regard to expression of courtesy for an act of appreciation of ones life. In respond to the birthday presents from Hsi-men Ch’ing, Li P’ing-erh sends â€Å"two maces of silver and a handkerchief of shot silk †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trans, Chapter 15 299). Wedding Chinese people marked the celebration of important events in a life of a persons or people by feast. During Ning’s wedding to Little Beauty, a feast was held to celebrate the occasion, where his relations were invited to celebrate. The occasion highlighted the significance Chinese people attached to beauty. The attendants of the wedding expressed attraction to the beauty of Little Beauty. Her splendor won the hearts of Ning’s relatives.Advertising Lookin g for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, this scenario reveals the habits of Chinese to use presents to cultivate friendship and trustworthiness through presents (Songling 178). Wine Wine in Chinese civilization denotes a sense of positive relationship between friends, as a friendly aura was often epitomized by wining and dining. The friend of Mr. Lu from a certain village on learning that he was taking a leave to go home invited him for a feast at his home as a gesture of friendship that exists between them. Although Mr. Lu declined the offer, the villager send the feast to him, which he later had with the Lau brothers he met on his course to his home village. Architecture The size and the compartments of a house portrayed the degree of affluence of a person. Li P’ing-erh’s house had a frontage that had a breath of 24 foot and three courtyards in the inside that receded along a vertical axis . The houses of rich Chinese had compartments. Li P’ing-erh’s house comprised of a two-story with windows on the top floor facing the street. A sequence of three rooms situated on either side of a second courtyard that led to a reception hall (Trans and Tod, Chapter 15 299). A passageway was a prominent feature in the homes of affluent Chinese. A third courtyard often contained a kitchen and bedrooms. An open space was included in the architecture of affluent Chinese. Gold and Precious Items Chinese used gold to win favors from strangers. In the story of Ning, after the Little beauty attempts to coax Ning to have sex her fails, she offered him a lump of gold hoping that he will agree to her pleas, which he did not (Songling 170).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Material Life of the Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leather bag had great significance for Chinese. It was used to keep important possessions. In his encounter with Yan at the temple, Ning learns that Yan kept a magic sword in a leather bag. The sword had very great significance to Yan, which was to fight evil spirits and prevent them from harming him. Later, Yan offers Ning an old leather bag in recognition for the friendship they developed during their short stay in the temple (Songling 174). Giving a person an item that one treasures, such as a leather bag, signified great friendship between two people in the context of peasant Chinese. Paintings are one of the major Chinese articles during these eras. The popular portrays of orchids and plum-blossom. Little Beauty, later, became a skilled painter of the mentioned portrays. These portrays were used as items for presents to give to significant others. Poor Chinese treasured presents in form of beautiful portray. Transportation In Chinese civilization, a popular means of transportation was by boat, horse and sedan chairs. Sedan Chairs Sedan chairs were very useful effects of affluent Chinese. These were chairs with wheels that could be dragged by servants to allow their masters to move from one place to another without dirtying their feet and to escape the rays of the sun. Sedan chairs were pooled by servants while their owners sat in them (Trans, Chapter 14 288). Sedan chair s symbolized prestige and affluence. When rich people interacted between each other, they tend to present themselves in a way to reflect their material possession. Boats Some Chinese owned boats for ferrying people from a town or village upstream to another downstream or vice versa. Such an asset was owned by people who held a high position in the society, such as people who run a business of instructing people on karate or judo.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ning after exhuming the remains of the Little Beauty, he hires a boat to take him with the remains to his home. He pays for the transport with money. Members of families who owned boats often could go on excursion in rivers (Ching-Tzu 112). In addition, people who owned boats employed servants to attend to them on junks when journeying from one town or village to another (Ching-Tzu 111). Some of these boats were used for private purpose while some owners used them for commercial purposes to transport passengers from one village to another. Horse The Chinese domesticated horses for use to send servants on errands, and as means of transporting people from one place to another. Servants employed in affluent homes often used horses to carry out their errands and drive their masters wherever they wish to go. Garden A garden was also an important asset of Chinese. His-men Ch’ing had a big family comprised of five wives, had a garden in his resident (Trans and Tod Chapter 12 224). T he purpose of a garden in Chinese people was for recreation purpose as it gave an aesthetic touch to the setting of homes. A person will retreat to a garden to get solace from the daily worries of the world and pass time. Clothing Chinese were also in the habit of giving clothing to their close friends and relatives. His-men Ch’ing asked Tai-an, upon arrival at the Liu’s apartment, of the outfit they had prepared for Aunt Kuei-chieh (Trans and Tod 226). Flowers and classical clothing had an important implication in the setting. These items signified prestige in the society. Blossoms and brocade in Chinese send out a message of people enjoying life. Often, it characterizes an environment in which people are feasting, and having great time wining and dining. Money Chinese men with plenty of money used to obtain anything they wanted. They used it to have as many concubines as they please. Money gave them power in the society. An affluent individual with plenty of money wa s able to pay other people to work for him. His-men Ch’ing has a personal accountant, who is answerable to him regarding all the bills he and the people he hosts incurs, and those that accrues from his expenditure on regular feasting that His-men Ch’ing funds. People of class in China used money to bail out friends and relatives, who were arrested under the laws of the country. Li P’ing-erh asked His-men Ch’ing to help her use his influence to establish the amount of money she could pay as bribe for the release of her husband, Hua Tzu-hua (Trans and Tod, Chapter 14 277). Treasures The Chinese people also kept precious items in their homes. These items could be used when their money depleted, as a result of mindless spending on pleasures. A man, who had made enough fortune during his life, could pass down this precious to someone he trust among his relations. A woman, such as Li P’ing-erh, could feel insecure to keep four chests of precious items wi th her against her husband’s relations, who had issues with him (Trans and Tod, Chapter 14 †¦ 278). Chinese people kept treasures in lacquer chests which are often decorated in gold tracery. The items that were regarded to be of very high value include python robes, bracelets, pendants, precious jewels, and chatelaines. A person in possession of these items could sell them and obtain money for upkeep or pleasure, when there liquid cash finishes. Conclusion The material life of Chinese is varied as depicted by many items and habits they portray. Essentially, the material life of a Chinese revolved around other people and mainly depended on his or her socioeconomic position. Thus, the material life of a Chinese is a reflection of his background. Rich folks had a complex material life while poor folks had a meager material life. Works Cited Ching-Tzu, Wu. The Scholars. Foreign Language Press Peking , 1973. Print. Songling, Pu. The Magic Sword and the Magic Bag. Cambridge [e ng.] : Proquest LLC, 2011. Trans. Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 12 Pan Chin-Lien Suffers Ignominy for Adultery with A Servant; Stargazers Liu Purveys Black Magic in Pursuit of Gain†. In The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. 225-52. Print. Trans, Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 14 Hua Tzu-Hsu Succumbs To Chagrin and Loses His Life Li Ping-Erh Invites Seduction and Attends A Party.† In The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1993. 274-297. Print. Trans, Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 15 Beauties Enjoy The Sights in the Lantern-Viewing Belvedere Hangers-on Abet Debauchery in the Verdant Spring Bordello.† In The Plum in the Golden Vase, or Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. 298-315. Print. This essay on Material Life of the Chinese was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Relevance Of Sustainability Within The Context Of Tourism Management And Development

There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism. One definition is tourism â€Å"development which involves the use of renewable natural resources in a way which does not degrade them† France (1997, P10). For instance a travel organisation may use a great deal of paper to advertise their company, if they considered the above definition, perhaps they could try to use recycled paper in the future in order to not degrade a renewable natural resource. Another definition of sustainability that is relevant to tourism is that â€Å"while tourism can build understanding, tourism managed poorly can ruin a place. Yet if handled well, tourism provides an incentive to preserve the best things a destination has to offer: wildlife habitats, historic districts, great scenery, even a style of music or a unique local cuisine† National Geographic Online, (2003). For instance if a businessman decided that a fragile environment with magnificent scenery would make an excellent destination area for tourists, then instead of managing it mass tourism style he should try and adopt a more sustainable approach, in order to try and reach the goals outlined in the above definition There are obviously positive and negative affects of tourism operations and activities on a destination area. An obvious positive example would be ecotourism in a destination area. If mass tourism with little regard to the environment occurred, wildlife could be greatly affected. In Australia there is a government program called Land for Wildlife that â€Å"aims to encourage private landowners to provide habitat for wildlife, while continuing to use the land for primary production† Buckley (2003, P98). This program would provide benefits for landowners who followed such a scheme. It would also be very relevant for someone who managed a tourism facility sustainably. Frasers Selection is a tourism destination area in Australia which is located in a rural area... Free Essays on The Relevance Of Sustainability Within The Context Of Tourism Management And Development Free Essays on The Relevance Of Sustainability Within The Context Of Tourism Management And Development There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism. One definition is tourism â€Å"development which involves the use of renewable natural resources in a way which does not degrade them† France (1997, P10). For instance a travel organisation may use a great deal of paper to advertise their company, if they considered the above definition, perhaps they could try to use recycled paper in the future in order to not degrade a renewable natural resource. Another definition of sustainability that is relevant to tourism is that â€Å"while tourism can build understanding, tourism managed poorly can ruin a place. Yet if handled well, tourism provides an incentive to preserve the best things a destination has to offer: wildlife habitats, historic districts, great scenery, even a style of music or a unique local cuisine† National Geographic Online, (2003). For instance if a businessman decided that a fragile environment with magnificent scenery would make an excellent destination area for tourists, then instead of managing it mass tourism style he should try and adopt a more sustainable approach, in order to try and reach the goals outlined in the above definition There are obviously positive and negative affects of tourism operations and activities on a destination area. An obvious positive example would be ecotourism in a destination area. If mass tourism with little regard to the environment occurred, wildlife could be greatly affected. In Australia there is a government program called Land for Wildlife that â€Å"aims to encourage private landowners to provide habitat for wildlife, while continuing to use the land for primary production† Buckley (2003, P98). This program would provide benefits for landowners who followed such a scheme. It would also be very relevant for someone who managed a tourism facility sustainably. Frasers Selection is a tourism destination area in Australia which is located in a rural area...

Immigration in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigration in America - Essay Example 1). Modern America is judged by its immigrant past, present, and future. Americans need to comprehend the issue of immigration with clarity of mind to shift to a system wherein economic stakes and cherished ideals both are taken well care of (Griswold 4). Need of the hour is to initiate immigration reforms for creating more job opportunities. Job market is getting compressed due to directionless policies of the Obama government. Only pro-economy immigration reform can help in creating jobs. As per the CATO Institute, wider immigration reforms would increase the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) by .84 percent each following year with the passing of the reform bill. Immigration reform would also result in an increase in the net personal income by $30 to $36 billion in the initial three years, an outcome of earned legalization from higher earning capacity of newly-legalized jobbers. It would help in reducing the federal deficit by a cumulative amount of $2.7 trillion across the initial 10 years of the immigration reform (Ortiz â€Å"Immigration Reform,† par. 2-3). It is a wrong general perception that unregistered immigrants have negatively impacted the U.S. ... rants contribute in the economic growth by paying taxes in between $20,000 to $80,000 more than they enjoy through public benefits (Ortiz â€Å"Immigration Reform,† par. 4). An open economic policy towards immigration can help the economy better through increased production, made possible through labor, human capital, and the hard-working nature of immigrants. Immigrant labor do not compete with American labor, rather they add-on to native workers by filling niches areas of the job market (Griswold 1). A new impartial report from with Congress has revealed that immigration is good for America. It has confirmed that excessive cost predictions of an overhaul are not true. Charting a road to citizenship for millions of illegal unskilled, skilled, and farm workers is going to benefit the whole of America economically. If the new law over immigration comes into force, it would increase direct federal spending by $262 billion from 2014 to 2023, including the Medical expenses randoml y claimed to be costs by anti-immigration politicians; these are the costs but taxpayer-funded. It would add revenue of $459 billion over the same time to the Treasury, because of the additional income generated by immigrants and payroll taxes forked over by the same immigrants. After deducting the expenses from the income generated, it is expected to garner revenue of $197 billion. Future forecast is also positive during 2024 and 2033, with a deficit cut of $700 billion. Further analysis by CBO of adding 10.4 million permanent citizens to the American population by 2023, which includes 1.6 million temporary workers along with their families, would strengthen the U.S. labor force by another 6 million. It is going to increase gross domestic product by 3.3% in 2023 and 5.4% in 2033 (New York Daily